Document Type : علمی - پژوهشی

Authors

1 Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

2 Islamic Azad University, Branch of Science and Research, Tehran

Abstract

Extended Abstract

1. INTRODUCTION
The urban life is rapidly developing in the world. The rate of urbanization is highly progressing in developing countries compared to that of developed countries. Iran is also struggling with rapid urbanization. This rapid pace has brought about many consequences for big cities. Hence, informal settlement plays a fundamental role in the study of these cities. Marginalization and informal settlements coupled with planning and management deficiencies have severely affected the livability and environmental quality of cities. Marginalization and its related informal settlement problems accumulated overtime pose a daunting challenge to urban renewal. The complex environmental, social, economic and spatial challenges have made the development of these areas relatively impossible. The current environmental quality, especially in the marginal areas, is degraded as it is difficult even to provide basic water supply and sanitary services to these areas. Thus, these problems together have given rise to construction of insecure buildings in the name of urbanization. The unsatisfactory employment conditions in marginalized areas, inhabitance in illegal settlements, crime increase and cultural, social, economic and environmental pollutions are the unwanted consequences of informal settlement.

2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Poor environmental conditions in marginalized areas have been associated with poor health, aggravating the poverty and often resulting in low educational levels and reduced income caused by disease and exorbitant expenses of health care, which may deplete the households’ savings. Poverty prevents people from moving to safer areas or investing in the improvement of their neighborhood. On the other hand, environmental problems exacerbate urban poverty with poor neighborhoods suffering disproportionately from inadequate water and sanitation facilities and indoor air pollution. Poor people living in marginalized areas are often forced to live in unsafe environments, steep hillsides, flood plains or polluted sites near solid waste dumps, open drains, sewers and polluting industries. Therefore, in the second decades of 1980s, empowerment strategies along with improvement in informal habitat settings are recommended to alleviate the poor economic conditions of families as well as their inability to use the collective power. Therefore, the modern approach is based on the improvement of local communities and macro policies to resolve the problems of marginalized areas.

3. METHODOLOGY
This is a descriptive – analytical research. The data were gathered using documentary analysis and field studies through interviews with specialists and professionals of local administration. The main research instrument was a questionnaire with open-ended items. Fifty participants including university professors, specialists, researchers and experts of Range and Forests Organization of BONAB Township were interviewed. The results were analyzed by SWOT model and frequencies and percentages were calculated. SWOT analyzes the future possibilities through a systematic introspection of both positive and negative points. This helps planners determine the strengths that need to be promoted to alleviate the internal weaknesses and the external opportunities, as well as the external threats that should be taken into account. Thus, it offers a means to be used in the preliminary stage of decision-making and as a precursor to strategic planning in various applications. SWOT analysis consists of two internal/external dimensions: strengths and weaknesses are internal factors and opportunities and threats are external factors. Strengths are basic assets that provide a competitive advantage for the growth and development. There are positive aspects that are considered in the analysis of internal factors. Weakness (W) is the deficiency or limitation that can create disadvantages for the growth and development at certain times and places. Weaknesses militate against strengths and there are negative aspects that should be considered as internal factor. In fact, this factor refers to a scope which needs to be revised. Opportunity (O) is the ability to grow and achieve the specific objectives in a given situation. Strengths are one of the factors that produce opportunity and appropriate situations and are treated as positive/external aspects. Threat (T) is a situation that hinders the abilities to grow and develop to meet the ultimate goal. Threats are negative aspects that should be considered as external factors. Thus, weaknesses and threats are negative/external aspects.
In this research, there were 11 Strengths (S), 21 Weaknesses, 10 Opportunities (O) and 9 Threats (T). After identifying the central strategies, QSPM model was used for ranking the strategies.

4. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
The analysis of SWOT results show that despite the serious threats and fundamental weaknesses such as high percentage of workers in primary jobs, hidden and seasonal unemployment, high dependency ratio, limited role of women in the economy of the family, intensive poverty, lack of financial facilities to improve neighborhoods, disorganized streets spaces, imbalanced constructions, narrow passages, compressed texture, inefficiency of network access ,weak and inappropriate building materials, unattractive facade and formal features, low education, migration of majority of residents, undesirable sanitary condition, high rate of youth crimes, there are some opportunities for empowerment of the residents and the improvement of neighborhood. These improve neighborhood, focus the local government's attention on organizing the informal settlements, attracting international aids for empowerment activities, and creating a sense of public participation of the residents in supporting the government in creation of local loan boxes. These are only a few solutions for neighborhoods problems. The results show that a conservative strategy would be the central strategy of action. These strategies emphasize overcoming weakness by taking advantage of opportunities through eight approaches.

5. CONCLUSION
The results of this study indicate that main reasons encouraging marginalization in Bonab city is unemployment, low income, inhabitance in rented accommodations and widespread immigration from small cities and villages, which are rooted in economic factors (such as economic attraction and economic obstacles of villages) as well as socio- cultural obstacles.

Keywords

1. احمدیان، م. ع. (1382). حاشیه‌نشینی. ریشه‌ها و‌راه‌حل‌ها، اندیشۀ حوزه‏، شمارۀ 43 و 44: صص 295-277.
2. افتخاری راد، ز؛ اسکندری دو رباطی، ز. (1381). سیاست‌های بانک جهانی در خصوص توانمندسازی. فصل‌نامۀ هفت شهر، شماره 8.. صص 81-77.
3. آقابخشی، ح. (1382). نظام مشارکت مردم در مناطق حاشیه‌نشین. مجموعه مقالات حاشیه‌نشینی و اسکان غیر رسمی . تهران: دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توان‌بخشی . ص 4.
4. انصاری، ع. (1355). نظریۀ انسان حاشیه‌نشین در جامعه‌شناسی. نامۀ علوم اجتماعی. شمارۀ 1. دورۀ دوم. صص 179-161.
5. پاپلی یزدی، م. (1382). نظریه‌های شهر و پیرامون. تهران: سمت.
6. پور احمد، ا.؛ رهنمایی، م. ت. و قرخلو، م. و اسکندری نوده، م. (1389). آسیب‌شناسی سیاست‌های دولت در سامان‌دهی اسکان غیررسمی(محلات نای‌بند، شیرسوم و خواجه عطا، شهر بندرعباس). مجلۀ مطالعات و پژوهش‌های شهری و منطقه‌ای، سال دوم. شمارۀ 5. صص 54-29.
7. تودارو، م. (1382). توسعۀ اقتصادی در جهان سوم. ترجمۀ فرجادی، غ. تهران: کوهسار.
8. حافظ نیا، م. (1380). راهبرد توزیع فضایی قدرت سیاسی در ایران از طریق توسعۀ نهادهای محلی. فصل‌نامه تحقیقات جغرافیایی. شمارۀ 61، 61. ص 39.
9. حسین زاده دلیر، ک. (1380). برنامه‌ریزی ناحیه‌ای. تهران: سمت.
10. حیدری، ن. و نظریان، ا. (1390). بررسی عوامل مؤثر برحاشیه‌نشینی و بازتاب‌های آن، با تأکید بر کاربری خدمات شهری. فصل‌نامۀ جغرافیایی سرزمین. دورۀ 8. شمارۀ 1. صص 49-31.
11. دیوید، ف. (1383). مدیریت استراتژیک. ترجمه: پارسائیان، ع. و اعرابی، م. چاپ ششم. تهران: انتشارات دفتر پژوهشهای فرهنگی.
12. زاهدانی، ز. و سید، س. (1369). حاشیه‌نشینی. چاپ اول. شیراز: انتشارات دانشگاه شیراز.
13. زنجانی، ح. (1371). جمعیت و شهرنشینی. تهران: نشر مرکز مطالعات و تحقیقات شهرسازی و معماری ایران.
14. زنگی آبادی، ع. و مبارکی، ا. (1391). بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر شکل‌گیری حاشیه‌نشینی شهر تبریز و پیامدهای آن (مطالعه موردی: محلات احمدآباد، کوی بهشتی، خلیل آباد). مجلۀ جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی محیطی. سال23 پیاپی45. شمارۀ 1. صص 80-67.
15. ساعی،ا. (1378). مسائل سیاسی-اقتصادی جهان سوم. تهران: سمت.
16. سیار، ح. (1388). طرح مطالعۀ ظرفیت‌سنجی بافت‌های فرسودۀ بناب. شرکت عمران و بهسازی شمال غرب کشور. شهرداری بناب.
17. شریعت زاده، م. (1382). ساختارهای مورد نیاز جهت مهار و سازمان‌دهی حاشیه‌نشینی در ایران. مجموعه مقالات حاشیه-نشینی و اسکان غیررسمی. تهران: دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی وتوانبخش. ص 245.
18. شکوئی، ح. (1374). دیدگاه‌های نو در جغرافیای شهری. جلد اول. تهران: سمت.
19. شیبانی، ا. و غلامی، م. (1390). اسکان غیر رسمی، علل، پیامدها و راه‌حل‌ها (شیر‌آباد زاهدان). مشهد: سومین کنفرانس برنامه‌ریزی و مدیریت شهری. ص 4.
20. طالشی، م. و امیر فخریان، م. (1390). ناپایداری سکونت‌گاه‌های روستایی و آیندۀ حاشیه‌نشینی در خراسان رضوی. فصل‌نامۀ علمی- پژوهشی انجمن جغرافیای ایران. دورۀ جدید. سال نهم. شمارۀ 29. صص 107-83.
21. قرخلو، م. و میره، م. (1386). توانمندسازی اجتماعی، راه حلی برای حاشیه‌نشینی (شیخ‌آباد قم). فصل‌نامۀ دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد شوشتر. سال دوم. شمارۀ سوم. صص 126-111.
22. لطفی، ح.؛ میرزایی، م. و عدالتخواه، ف. و وزیرپور، ش. (1389). بحران حاشیه‌نشینی و سکونت‌گاه‌های غیررسمی در مدیریت کلان‌شهرها و رهیافت‌های جهانی. فصل‌نامۀ علمی پژوهشی جغرافیای انسانی. سال دوم. شمارۀ دوم. صص 145-135.
23. محسنی، ر. ع. (1389). مسألۀ حاشیه‌نشینی و اسکان غیر رسمی با تأکید بر توانمندسازی آن (مطالعۀ موردی: حاشیه‌نشینان شهر گرگان). فصل‌نامۀ علمی- پژوهشی جغرافیای انسانی. سال دوم. شمارۀ چهارم. صص 152-133.
24. محمدی، ع.؛ روستا، م. (1387). توسعة اجتماع- محور: سازوکاری برای سامان‌دهی سکونت‌گاه‌های غیـررسمـی. نشریۀ شهرسازی و معماری هفت شهر. شمارۀ 24،23. صص 105-88.
25. مهندسین مشاورDHV هلند. (1371). رهنمودهایی برای برنامه‌ریزی مراکز روستایی. ترجمۀ میر، ج؛ اوکتایی، ن و گنجیان، م. تهران: نشر مرکزتحقیقات و بررسی مسائل روستایی وزارت جهاد کشاورزی.
26. هاگت، پ. (1376). جغرافیا ترکیبی نو. ترجمه: گودرزی نژاد، ش. تهران: سمت.
27. یزدانی بروجنی، ف. (1382). بررسی خصوصیات ساختاری حاشیه‌ نشینی در تهران. تهران: دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی.
28. Akter, T. (2010). Migration and living conditions in urban slums: implication for food security. The World Bank and Conditionality. School of Advanced International Studies, John Hopkins University, USA’, the Georgetown Public Policy Review, 7(1), 27-42.
29. Amaldam, S. (2011). Housing; Housing in third world; Annual Report of World Bank. P 4.
30. Armiah, B. C. (2012). Slums as expressions of social exclusion: explaining the prevalence of slums in African countries. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT). Nairobi. Kenya. Pp 19-20. Retrived from http:// www.oecd.org/ dev/ pgd/ 46837274. pdf.
31. Bican, B. (2009). Urban poverty and planning in Asia. World Bank Analytical Urban Geography. P. 74.
32. Claude Bolay, J. (2010). Slums and urban development: Questions on society and globalization. The European Journal of Development Research, 18(2), 284–298.
33. Dwyer, D. C. (1970). City in the third world. London: Macmillan.
34. Lemma, T., Richard, S., & Monika, K. (2008). A participatory approach to monitoring slum condition. Tanzania: ICT Publication Series. Pp. 65-66.
35. Zedner, L. (2007). Democracy, society and the government of security. Theoretical Criminology, Book Review, Vol. 11. No. 1.pp. 137-140.
CAPTCHA Image