تبیین تاثیر ارتفاع و فرم گونه های مسکونی مبتنی بر ایجاد آسایش حرارتی فضاهای باز میانی نمونۀ مورد مطالعه: مجتمع‌های مسکونی شهر شیراز

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی-مطالعه موردی

نویسندگان

• نازنین دهناد ¹
• باقر کریمی ¹
• جمال الدین مهدی‌نژاد ^{2، 3}

¹ گروه معماری، واحد بوشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بوشهر، ایران.

² گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید رجایی، تهران، ایران.

³ استاد مدعو گروه معماری، واحد بوشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بوشهر، ایران.

https://doi.org/10.22067/jgusd.2022.72333.1101

چکیده

آسایش حرارتی در محیط زیست یک عامل حیاتی است که بر سلامت و رفاه ساکنین تأثیر­گزار است. آسایش حرارتی به میزان زیادی تحت تأثیر اثرات ترکیبی پارامترهای مختلف است و فرم بلوک­های شهری تأثیر قابل توجهی بر مقدار تابش و الگوهای جریان و سرعت باد می­گذارند. در این پژوهش به سنجش تأثیر فرم و ارتفاع بلوک­های مسکونی بر آسایش حرارتی فضاهایی باز پرداخته است. روش تحقیق پژوهش به شیوه کمی، و از روش توصیفی و استنباطی از نوع پیمایشی، و روش نمونه­گیری تصادفی و به منظور انتخاب حجم نمونه از نمونه­گیری احتمالی کنترل شده استفاده شده است. چهار بلوک مسکونی با الگوهای متداول در شهر شیراز در سه حالت کوتاه مرتبه، میان مرتبه و بلند مرتبه انتخاب و شبیه­ سازی گردید. و به بررسی نتایج منتج از شبیه­سازی به تحلیل داده­ها و سنجش آنها با استفاده از نرم­افزار ENVI-met در سال 1399 پرداخته شده است؛ سپس با استفاده از داده­های اقلیمی در نرم افزار RayMan، دمای معادل فیزیولوژیکی به دست آمد و در پنج نقطه مدل­های شبیه­سازی شده، نسبت فرم و ارتفاع مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفته است. سپس نتایج با توجه به نرم افزار SPSS₂₂ آماره­ها در دو سطح توصیفی و استنباطی بیان شده است، و با استفاده از آزمون فریدمن رتبه­بندی نقاط بحرانی براساس فرم­ها بر حسب سه ارتفاع­ مطرح شده مشخص گردید و میزان معناداری و ارتباط بین انواع فرم­های (ترکیبی، مجموعه، خطی، محیطی) برحسب انواع ارتفاع (بلندمرتبه، میان­مرتبه و کوتاه­مرتبه) با استفاده از آزمون کروکسکال والیس مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته­ها نشان داد که بین انواع فرم­ و ارتفاع تفاوت­ معناداری وجود دارد و این ارتباط در ساختمان­های میان مرتبه در فرم مجموعه­ای و محیطی نتیجه مطلوب­تری را داشته است. نهایتا هر دو فاکتور فرم و ارتفاع ارتباط مهمی با پارامترهای موثر در آسایش حرارتی فضای باز مجتمع­های مسکونی دارند و نقش به سزایی در تعدیل دما محیط و امکان بهره­روی متفاوتی را برای ساکنین بوجود می­آورند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• آسایش حرارتی فضاهای باز
• ENVI-met
• بلوک‌های مسکونی
• دمای معادل فیزیولوژیکی
• ریمن

20.1001.1.25383531.1400.8.2.11.7

عنوان مقاله [English]

Exploring the effects of height and form of residential places on creating thermal comfort of collective outdoor spaces (Case study: Residential complexes of Shiraz)

نویسندگان [English]

• nazanin dehnad ¹
• Bagher karimi ¹
• Jamal-e-Din Mahdi Nejad ^{2 3}

¹ Department of Architecture, Bushehr branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran.

² Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architectural and Urban Engineering, Shahid Rajaee University, Tehran, Iran.

³ Visiting Professor Department of Architecture, Bushehr branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Thermal comfort of environment is one of the most crucial factors that influence the health and well-being of residents of cities. Thermal comfort itself is affected by a combination of the effects of different parameters and the form of urban blocks affects greatly the amount of radiation, the patterns of flow, and wind speed. This study assesses the effect of the form and height of residential blocks on the thermal comfort of open spaces. This quantitative study uses the descriptive and inferential survey methods, and applied random and controlled probability sampling to select the sample size. Four residential blocks of Shiraz having common patterns of short-level, medium-level and high-level were selected and simulated. The results of the simulation were analyzed and assessed using ENVI-met software in 2020. Then, using climatic data in RayMan software, the physiological equivalent temperature was obtained. Then, in five points of the simulated models, the ratio of form and height were analyzed. Using SPSS22, descriptive and inferential statistics were presented, and using Friedman test, the critical points were classified according to the forms of above-mentioned heights. Then, the significance and relevance between the different form types (complex, set, linear, and peripheral) in terms of different height types (high, medium, and short) were examined using Kruskal–Wallis test. The results showed that there is a significant between different form types and height types and this relationship has had a more favorable result in intermediate buildings of complex and environmental forms. Finally, the study showed that both form and height have a significant relationship with the effective parameters in the outdoor thermal comfort of residential complexes. The factors play an important role in moderating the temperature and providing the possibility of better productivity for residents.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• : Residential Blocks
• Outdoor Thermal Comfort
• Height and Form
• Physiological Equivalent Temperature
• ENVI-met

مراجع

1. Amiriparyan, P., & Kiani, Z. (2016). Analyzing the homogenous nature of central courtyard structure in formation of Iranian traditional houses. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 216, 905-
2. Bady, M., Kato, S., & Huang, H. (2008). Towards the application of indoor ventilation efficiency indices to evaluate the air quality of urban areas. Build Environ, 43,1991-
3. Bady, M., Kato, S., Takahashi, T., & Huang, H. (2011). Experimental investigations of the indoor natural ventilation for different building configurations and incidences. Build Environ, 46,65-74.
4. Chatzipoulka, C., Compagnon, R., & Nikolopoulou, M. (2016). Urban geometry and solar availability on façades and ground of real urban forms: using London as a case study. Sol Energy;138, 53-66.
5. Coccolo, S., Kampf, J., Scartezzini, J. L., & Pearlmutter, D. )2016(. Outdoor human comfort and thermal stress: A comprehensive review on models and standards. Urban Climate, 18, 33-57.
6. De Lieto Vollaro, A. (2014). Numerical study of urban canyon microclimate related to geometrical parameters. Sustainability, 6(11), 7894-7905.
7. Esch, M. M. E., Looman, R. H. J., & Bruin-Hordijk G. J. de. (2012). The effects of urban and building design parameters on solar access to the urban canyon and the potential for direct passive solar heating strategies. Energy and Buildings; 47,189-200.
8. Fanga, Z., Lin, Z., Mak, Ch. M., Niu J., & Tsee, K. )2018(. Investigation into sensitivities of factors in outdoor thermal comfort indices. Building and Environment, 128, 129–142
9. Fay, R., Treloar, G., Iyer-Raniga, U. )2010(. Life- cycle energy analysis of buildings: a case study. Building Research Information, 28, 31–41.
10. Georgakis, C., & Santamouris, M. (2006). Experimental investigation of air flow and temperature distribution in deep urban canyons for natural ventilation purposes. Energy Build, 38, 367-
11. Ghaffarianhoseini, A., Berardi, U., & Ghaffarian A. ( 2015). Thermal performance characteristics of unshaded courtyards in hot and humid climates. Building and Environmen, 87, 154-
12. Ghaffarianhoseini, A., Berardi, U., Ghaffarianhoseini, A., & Al-Obaidi, K. )2019(. Analyzing the thermal comfort conditions of outdoor spaces in a university campus in Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia. Science of the Total Environment; 666, 1327-
13. Givoni, B. )1989(. Urban design in different climates. Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization. WMO/TD- No. 346, World Climate Applications Programme (WCAP), No.10.
14. Guedouh, M S., Zemmouri, N., Hanafi, A., & Qaoud, R. (2019). Passive Strategy Based on Courtyard Building Morphology Impact on Thermal and Luminous Environments in Hot and Arid Region. Energy Procedia; 157, 435–442.
15. Haapio, A. )2012(. Towards sustainable urban communities. Environ Impact Assess Rev, 32, 165-
16. Hachem, C., Athienitis, A., & Fazio, P. (2011). Parametric investigation of geometric form effects on solar potential of housing units. Sol Energy, 85, 1864-
17. Hachem, C., Athienitis, A., & Fazio, P. (2012). Evaluation of energy supply and demand in solar neighborhood. Energy and Build, 49, 335-
18. Herrmann, J., & Matzarakis, A. (2012). Mean radiant temperature in idealised urban canyons-examples from Freiburg, Germany. International journal of biometeorology; 56, 199-
19. Hoppe, P. )1999(. The physiological equivalent temperature – a universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment. International Journal of Biometeorology, 43, 71-
20. Jenks, M., Burton, E., & Williams, K. (1996). The compact city: a sustainable urban form? London: E & FN Spon.
21. Johansson, E. (2006). Influence of urban geometry on outdoor thermal comfort in a hot dry climate: a study in Fez, Morocco. Build. Environ; 41,1326-
22. Kanters, J., & Horvat, M. (2012(. Solar energy as a design parameter in urban planning. Energy Proc, 30, 1143-
23. Knowles, R. (1985). Sun rhythm form. USA: Mit Press.
24. Kovats, R. S., & Hajat, S. (2008). Heat stress and public health: a critical review. Annual Review of Public Health, 29, 41-
25. T. P.)2009(. Thermal perception, adaptation and attendance in a public square in hot and humid regions. Build. Environ, 44 (10), 2017–2026.
26. Littlefair, P. (1998). Passive solar urban design: ensuring the penetration of solar energy into the city. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2, 303-
27. Luederitz, C., Lang, DJ., & Von Wehrden, H. (2013). A systematic review of guiding principles for sustainable urban neighborhood development. Landscape and Urban Planning; 118, 40-
28. Matzarakis, A., & Mayer, H. )1999(. Applications of a universal thermal index: physiological equivalent temperature. International Journal of Biometeoroly; 43, 76-84
29. Matzarakis, A., Rutz, F., & Mayer, H. )2007(. Modelling radiation fluxes in simple and complex environemnts - application of the RayMan model. Int. J. Biometeorology; 51, 323–
30. Morello, E., & Ratti, C. (2009). Sunscapes: ‘Solar envelopes’ and the analysis of urban DEMs. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 33, 26-34.
31. Nasrollahi, N., Hatami, M., Khastar, R., & Taleghani, M. (2017). Numerical evaluation of thermal comfort in traditional courtyards to develop new microclimate design in a hot and dry climate. Sustainable Cities and Society, 35, 449-467.
32. Nazarian, N., Acero, J. A., & Norford, L. (2019). Outdoor thermal comfort autonomy: Performance metrics for climateconscious urban design. Building and Environment; 155,145-160.
33. Nazarian, N., Sin, T., & Norford, L. (2018). Numerical modeling of outdoor thermal comfort in 3D. Urban Climate, 26, 212–230.
34. Neuman, M. (2005). The compact city fallacy. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 25, 11-
35. Newman, P. W. G., & Kenworthy, J. R. (1992). Is there a role for physical planners? Journal of the American Planning Association, 58, 353-
36. Nikolopoulou, M., & Lykoudis, S. )2006(. Thermal Comfort in Outdoor Urban Spaces: Analysis across Different European Countries. Building and Environment; 41, 1455-1470.
37. Oke, T. R. (1976). The distinction between canopy and boundary-layer urban heat islands. Atmosphere, 14, 268-
38. Oke, T. R. (1982). The energetic basis of the urban heat island. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society; 108,1-24.
39. Oke, T. R. (1988). Street design and urban canopy layer climate, Energy Build, 11, 103-113.
40. Okeil, A. (2010). A holistic approach to energy efficient building forms. Energy and Buildings, 42(9). 1437.
41. Potchter, O., Cohen, P., Lin, TP., & Matzarakis, A.) 2018(. Outdoor human thermal perception in various climates: A comprehensive review of approaches, methods and quantification. Science of the total Environment, 631, 390-
42. Ratti, C., Baker, N., & Steemers, K. (2005). Energy consumption and urban texture. Energy and Build, 37, 762–76.
43. Ratti, C., Raydan, D., & Steemers, K. (2003). Building form and environmental performance: archetypes, analysis and an arid climate. Energy Build, 35, 49-
44. Ratti, C., & Richens, P. (2004). Raster analysis of urban form. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 31(2), 297-309.
45. Rode, P., Keim, C., Robazza, G., Viejo, P., & Schofield, J. (2014). Cities and energy: urban morphology and residential heat-energy demand. Environ Plan B: Plan Des, 41(1):138-
46. Rodríguez-Algeciras, J., Tablada, A., & Matzarakis A. (2018). Effect of asymmetrical street canyons on pedestrian thermal comfort in warm-humid climate of Cuba. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 133, 663-
47. Roshana, Gh., Almomenina, H. S., Hirashimab, S. Q. S., & Attiac, S. )2019(. Estimate of outdoor thermal comfort zones for different climatic regions of Iran. Urban Climate, 27, 8-
48. Sanaieian, H., Tenpierik, M., Linden, K., Mehdizadeh Seraj F., & Mofidi Shemrani. S. M. (2014). Review of the impact of urban block form on thermal performance. solar access and ventilation. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 38, 551-560.
49. Sattrup, P. A., & Stromann-Andersen, J. (2013). Building typologies in Northern European cities: daylight, solar access, and building energy use. J Architect Plan Res, 30(1), 56-76.
50. Sozen, , & Oral, G. K. (2019). Outdoor thermal comfort in urban canyon and courtyard in hot arid climate: A parametric study based on the vernacular settlement of Mardin. Sustainable Cities and Society; 48, 101398.
51. Toudert, F., & Mayer, H. (2006). Numerical study on the effects of aspect ratio and orientation of an urban street canyon on outdoor thermal comfort in hot and dry climate. Build Environ, 41, 94-
52. Vartholomaios, A. (2017). A parametric sensitivity analysis of the influence of urban form on domestic energy consumption for heating and cooling in a Mediterranean city. Sustain Cities Soc, 28, 135-
53. Vega –Azamar, R. E., Glaus, M., Hausler, R., Oropeza-García N. A., & Romero López, R.) 2013(. An emergy analysis for urban environmental sustainability assessment, the Island of Montreal, Canada. Landscape and Urban Planning, 118, 18-
54. Wania, A., Bruse, M., Blond, N., & Weber, C. (2012). Analysing the influence of different street vegetation on traffic-induced particle dispersion using microscale simulations. Journal of Environmental Management, 94, 91-101.
55. Wissen Hayek U., & Grêt-Regamey, A. (2012). Collaborative urban modelling platform– facilitating incorporating of ecosystem services into planning for sustainable urban patterns. Leipzig: TEEB Conference.
56. Xu, Z., FitzGerald, G., Guo, Y., Jalaludin, B., & Tong, S. (2016). Impact of heatwave on mortality under different heatwave definitions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environment International, 89-90, 193-203.
57. Yang, X., Li, Y., & Yang, L. (2012). Predicting and understanding temporal 3D exterior surface temperature distribution in an ideal courtyard. Build Environ, 57, 38-48.
58. Younsi, S. A., & Kharrat, F. (2016). Outdoor thermal comfort: Impact of the geometry of an urban canyon in a Mediterranean subtropical climate: Case study Tunis, Tunisia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 216, 689-700.
59. Yuen, B., & Wong, N. H. )2005(. Resident perceptions and expectations of rooftop gardens in Singapore, Landsc. Urban Plan, 73, 263-276.
60. Zhanga, J. I., Shabunko, V., Rong Tay, S ., & Sun H, Y. (2019). Thomas Reindl Impact of urban block typology on building solar potential and energy use efficiency in tropical high-density city. Applied Energy, 240, 513-533.